Suicide in the Trenches- Analysis - 1079 Words

Suicide In The Trenches In my analysis, I will demonstrate how Siegfred Sassoon has used many different language techniques to show his perspective on the true meaning of war. For example, the poet has used simplistic diction that creates an image of the destruction of a â€Å"simple soldier boy†. At first we see him whistling, this then degrades to depression which lead him to committing suicide. Siegfred Sassoon concludes his poem with anger and a powerful message. â€Å"Sneak home and pray you’ll never know† emphasizes that those who aren’t soldiers have to â€Å"sneak home and pray† to show their empathy for the soldiers. In the last line it implies the fact that the crowd doesn’t have to go through â€Å"the hell where youth and laughter go†.†¦show more content†¦the rhyme of â€Å"brain† and â€Å"again† at line eight tries to form a connection that although a young boy was convinced to join the war and fought tremendously for his country and himself. However, in the end, he was pushed to his limit and â€Å"no one spoke of him again†. This shows how cruel and selfish war is. The boy had sacrificed his childhood fun, laughter and playful life in for nothing to return. This is effective because it makes the reader think about ‘why is there war’ and ‘why are there innocent lives at risk’ which creates the bitter mood. The diction used in the poem sends the reader a clear message about war. In the last stanza, the word â€Å"kindling† is being used to describe the â€Å"eyes† of the â€Å"smug-faced crowds†. â€Å"Kindling† is used to describe the facial description which shows that it is a very shallow expression feature that expresses the lack of empathy shown to the young men. However, Siegfried tries to show with a sarcastic tone that they think war is a glorious thing; they feel proud of the children risking their lives with nothing in return and seem to understand and appreciate what they are doing. But in reality the public cannot imagine what these children are going through. This is how the word â€Å"kindling† reveals a shallow side of everyone’s personality. In my personal opinion, the last stanza is the strongest and most impactful stanza. While the previous two stanzas shows the transformation of the boyShow MoreRelatedSuicide in the Trenches Analysis Essay1105 Words   |  5 PagesSuicide in the Trenches – an analysis What is the meaning of war? What is war like? How do soldiers feel in a war? Glorious? Depressed? This poem accurately shows the harsh but sadly true reality of war - death, suicide and depression. Indeed, as quoted by Sir Williams Henry - â€Å"Nobody in his right mind would enjoy war†. The point of view is third person. This is effective in showing one case of suicide, in third person observation, representing the depression and desire to quickly die in everyoneRead MoreAnalysis Of Suicide In The Trenches By Siegfried Sassoon1110 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Suicide in the Trenches† by Siegfried Sassoon conveys the horrors of war and the terrible hypocrisy of its supporters through a dark, grim tone. Sassoon writes this poem from a place of personal experience. He himself was a soldier in the first world war. He went into the war as a jingoist, much like those depicted in the poem. Soon after joining the war, Sassoon realizes how terrible war is. This fits in perfectly with the progression of the World War I poetry movement. The movement shows a starkRead Moresuicide in the trenches1614 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction : Siegfried Sassoon’s poem, Suicide in the trenches, successfully demonstrates conflict during a world war through its form, meanin g and structure. a STEP-UP analysis clearly reveals the conflict conveyed in this poem. Subject matter: the poem is about the depression of a young soldier. The depression of this young soldier before he commits suicide is clearly displayed in the poem. At the start of the poem, the image of a happy, young, and perhaps rather naà ¯ve boy is placed beforeRead MoreEssay on This Is Water a speech by David Foster Wallace955 Words   |  4 PagesWallace uses the term â€Å"conscious† to signal critical thinkers, while those who do not think critically are referred to as â€Å"unconscious.† Wallace’s main argument is that a person has the choice to think critically and should do so every day. Wallace’s analysis of consciousness and unconsciousness focusses too heavily on the logical and emotional appeals and ignores the possible ethical arguments that support the development of conscious societies, such as activism. In doing so, Wallace favours the self-interestedRead MoreDeath of a Salesman1332 Words   |  5 Pages As the play’s titu lar character in Death of a Salesman, Willy Loman is viewed by many as the definitive modern tragic hero of modern literature. He is a man struggling to gain upward mobility in a society designed to keep him in the trenches. The classic idea of a tragic hero is an important person who falls from a lofty seat in life. Willy, however, is just a common man trying to get to a place he can fall from. According to Arthur Miller, a tragic hero need not be a king or anyone of high rankRead MoreAnalysis : Shock Troops Advance Under Gas Essay1706 Words   |  7 Pagesinclude shell shock that occurred with World War I era soldiers and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder), the families of soldiers, and individuals that are in war zones such as the families in the Middle East that lose children and loved ones because of suicide bombings all display that war takes a toll on important aspects of the good makeup of the human condition. You have to become desensitized to what is happening on the batt lefront since no one should be exposed to what they see during war. This oftenRead MoreAntigone Feminist Analysis1622 Words   |  7 PagesWhile some view Antigone as being a merely emotional female seeking to simply mourn her family as she pleases, or a symbol of feminist and their ideologies, I’ve come to know that she acts out of political gain as well, though she knows it an act of suicide. While Antigone is an easy example there are those whose political actions are over looked while others assumed to be politically driven throw it to the wayside. In the pages to follow I will be analyzing each character, their actions and motivationsRead MoreSummarise and Discuss the Presentations of Mental Health in the Two Newspaper Articles Given in Appendix 1. (1500 Words).1864 Words   |  8 Pagesmillion people globally suffer from depression and 25 million people from schizophrenia; 91 million people are affected by alcohol use disorders and 15 million by drug use disorders. †¢ About 877,000 people die by suicide every year. †¢ In south Asia, the number of people who commit suicide is higher than the number who die because of road accidents, terrorism and HIV/Aids. It is among the top three causes of death in the population aged between 15 and 34. †¢ Mental illness will be the second biggestRead MoreIgnou Eso-11 Free Solved Assignment 20124877 Words   |  20 Pagessociology is sociological analysis. It means the sociologist seeks to provide an analysis of human society and culture with a sociological perspective. He evinces his interest in the evolution of society and tries to reconstruct the major stages in the evolutionary process. An attempt is also made to analyse the factors and forces underlying historical transformations of society. Due importance is given to the scientific method that is adopted in the sociological analysis. Secondly, sociology hasRead MoreTomb of the Unknown Soldier4192 Words   |  17 Pagesstay proved to be longer than expected. Others, too, were buried in the square on occasion. For example, the Joshua Carpenter family, a prominent Philadelphia clan, had maintained a private family burial ground in the squares center owing to the suicide of a family member — this kept her from being buried in a church cemetery. Amid this funerary setting grazing cows and at-play urchins would blithely go about their business. The living and the dead have long commingled in the square. Over the years

10 Groundhog Day Quotes to Remind You Spring Is Near

It may seem far-fetched to those who live closer to the equator. But for people closer to the poles, Groundhog Day marks the arrival of spring and the end of winter. Revere the little furry creature that is likely to make an accurate prognosis of the arrival of spring this Groundhog Day. Read these Groundhog Day quotes to celebrate the season of joy. W. J. Vogel: To shorten winter, borrow some money due in spring.​ Clyde Moore: Theres one good thing about snow, it makes your lawn look as nice as your neighbors. Kin Hubbard: Dont knock the weather; nine-tenths of the people couldnt start a conversation if it didnt change once in a while. William Camden: One swallow maketh not summer; nor one woodcock a winter.​ Anthony J. DAngelo: Wherever you go, no matter what the weather, always bring your own sunshine. Bill Vaughn: The groundhog is like most other prophets; it delivers its prediction and then disappears.​ Patrick Young: The trouble with weather forecasting is that its right too often for us to ignore it and wrong too often for us to rely on it.​ Phil Connors: This is one time where television really fails to capture the true excitement of a large squirrel predicting the weather.​ George Santayana: To be interested in the changing seasons is a happier state of mind than to be hopelessly in love with spring.​ George Herbert: Every mile is two in winter.

Renewable Sources of Energy - 1155 Words

Biofuel is Fuel produced from renewable resources, especially plant biomass, vegetable oils, and treated municipal and industrial wastes. Every time we drive in a vehicle we are using nonrenewable resources that are bad for the environment. Using gasoline or diesel release chemicals called green house gasses into the environment. Because of theses harmful chemicals people have started to use biofuels. There are two types of biofuels, ethanol and biodiesel. Biofuel is Fuel produced from renewable resources, especially plant biomass, vegetable oils, and treated municipal and industrial wastes. Ethanol Ethanol is made from the sugar in grain and plants. It is mostly made from common crops like potato, sugar cane, and corn. It is usually mixed with gasoline to reduce the amount of fossil fuels used by vehicles. The world production of ethanol tripled between 200 and 2007. In 2011 22.36 billion gallons were produced the United States was the top producer with 52.6 liters made. This accounted for 62.2% of global production followed by Brazil. One gallon of ethanol is equivalent to 1.5 gallons of fuel. Most cars can run of blends of up to 10% ethanol. High blends of ethanol have presented problems with vapor pressure needed for fuel to evaporate and spark the ignition during cold weather around 52 degrees. We have started using E85 in flex fuel vehicles because that is what they run the best on but in colder areas like Michigan E70 is used during winter months and stillShow MoreRelatedRenewable Sources Of Energy Sources1213 Words   |  5 PagesEnergy Sources Introduction Energy sources have been identified as being vital in running virtually all domestic and industrial operations. There are two types of energy sources; renewable energy sources and nonrenewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources refer to the kinds that are naturally replenished. These include sunlight, the wind, ocean tides, waves, geothermal heat and rain (Tiwari et al., 2012). Nonrenewable energy sources, on the other hand, are the kinds that do not renew themselvesRead MoreRenewable Sources Of Energy And Energy1120 Words   |  5 PagesAlternate energies are forms of energy that do not deplete natural resources or harm the earth. The sources of the energies are naturally found or generated or are part of a natural conversion from one source into another. Energy cannot be destroyed but can be converted into other forms, therefore there are many reactions occurring around us that allow us to harness these energies. Alternate sources of energy has been extensively researched as a result of the large energy crisis that is being experiencedRead MoreSources Of Renewable Energy Sources3327 Words   |  14 Pages cleaner energy sources. It was decided that six renewable energy sources should be researched in order to determine which are most suitable for use in the West of Scotland. Biomass Energy Biomass is biological matter originating from living or recently living organisms, and it is the oldest source of renewable energy. The biomass used for energy normally comes from plant-based material.1 During photosynthesis, the chlorophyll in plants captures the sun’s energy, in orderRead MoreEnergy Sources Of Renewable Energy1292 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction. Nowadays, with the continuous increase in the demand for energy consumption resulted by both population and socioeconomic growth, making it a priority to satisfy such a demand for all developed countries. This report aims initially to focus on the energy situation in the United Kingdom, and then present two forms of energy conventional energy in specific coal, and renewable energy which is wind energy, and will finally recommend the most suitable one after comparing and contrastingRead MoreRenewable Energy Sources Of Energy2600 Words   |  11 PagesThe worldwide demand of energy has been increasing considerably. Up to 2030, it is supposed to be 60% higher than today (B. SCHMITZ, 2013). Currently, non-renewable energy sources, like coal and oil, are more commonly used, since they are cheaper than renewable energies. In the European Union, 80% of the energy consumption demands are covered by fossil sources (B. SCHMITZ, 2013). But, non-renewable energy sources are running out and they are also very harmful for the environment, since they generateRead MoreEnergy Of Renewable Energy Sources Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesIn recent years many endeavors have been devoted to reduce the pollutant energy generation by increasing the utilization of clean energy sources. Actually, the power sector is responsible for roughly a quarter of anthropogenic CO2 emissions [1]. Thus, the widespread introduction of renewable energy sources is seen to be one of the major solutions. Meanwhile, fossil fuel based power plants will still be needed. In any case, fully abstaining from the use of fossil fuels is difficult. Nevertheless,Read MoreRenewable Sources Of Energy And Energy1983 Words   |  8 Pagesof all the energy used in the day-to-day lives and operations of the entire world population are nonrenewable. This energy is created from the fossil fuels: coal, petroleum and natural gas. Fossil fuels are still cheap and high in supply, but the rate at which we are consuming them, which is only expected to increase, vastly exceeds the rate at which they regenerate. This creates the aforementioned problem of mankind running out of the required natural resources to fuel its own energy demands. TheRead MoreRenewable Energy Sources For Energy1540 Words   |  7 Pagesconcern over the growing demand for energy, and the lack of non-renewable energy resources to meet the demand in the future. In addition, the question of â€Å"sustainability†;the ability to balance social, economic, and environmental needs in energy production to meet both current and long-term requirements;has come to the forefront. It is clear that America must expand energy production quickly, and that we must develop renewable, sustainable energy sources to meet long-term demand and protectRead MoreThe Energy Source Of Renewable Energy3041 Words   |  13 Pagesis using fossil fuels, which are nonrenewable sources. Fossil fuels are cheap and limited. They will soon be depleted. The world needs to find a source of energy that is not only renewable but sustainable. Sustainable Energy is usually associated with renewable energy. This is because renewable energy is a continuous source. However, the sustainability of each of different types of renewable energy vary. Sustainable energy means that amount of energy that is used, is also generated. The idea of sustainabilityRead MoreRenewable Energy Sources2307 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿ Alternative / Renewable Energy Sources vs. Dependence on Oil Introduction Will solar energy and other renewable, alternative energy sources, replace the current main source of electrical energy production oil and coal? What alternative energy sources show the most potential for producing electrical energy in the future? How will this transition take place and when will it take place? What are the educated projections for the time in which crude oil will no longer be vital to producing electricity

Risk Management Linking Tourism into Emergency Management

Question: Discuss about the Risk Management for Linking Tourism into Emergency Management. Answer: Requirement 1 The legislations involving the Work Health and Safety (WHS) offer a vast range of corrective measures and enforcement alternatives to promote the workplace scenario. The legislations include the roles and responsibilities played by the health and safety representatives (HSRs) to issue the provisional improvement notices. In order to bring possible improvement to the workplace condition, the on-the-spot fines are also issued by the WHS regulators and inspectors (Davies and Walters 2013). The same process also facilitates the reduction of any breaches related to the provisions outlined by the WHS. From the information mentioned in the earlier paragraph, it can be acknowledged that the roles and responsibilities of the HSR are essential for developing the condition of the tourism destination. The major responsibility of the HSR is issuing the provisional improvement notices (PINs) after finding the possible breaches in the compliance of the WHS Act. In case of the breaches in the tourism businesses, they are likely to be repeated in the future (Becken and Hughey 2013). At the same time, the HSRs must need to arrange a discussion with the person responsible for the identified breach. Regarding the current case study, the possible breach of WHS legislation occurs considering the following situations: The risk experienced by the person due to the injury Possible occurrence of illness or death of the staffs Absence of possible implementation of corrective measures for eliminating the risky scenarios Failure to comply with the regulatory guidelines and requirements of WHS or NSW legislations Firstly, the health and safety related risks are observed in terms of the particular location of the restored hotel. The surrounding area of the hotel is dimly lit, where the considerable number of robberies and assaults happened previously. Not only the staffs but also the guests of the hotel are highly exposed to the breach of standard safety protocols (Paraskevas et al. 2013). On the other hand, the facilities of the hotel are not maintained properly over the months. As a result, staffs and guests have to suffer from different kinds of health issues. Apart from that, the major issues are found in the knowledge level of the HSRs, as they are less trained to cause troubles in the administration area. Lastly, multiple illnesses and health injuries are determined from the individual staff reports of the hotel. These include the breathing difficulties and burns to hands and eyes. There is no information obtained about the chemicals used in these incidents as per the investigation (Ritc hie et al. 2013). Therefore, the staffs are not informed about the hazards of the chemical bottles, which are critically holding back the incorporation of the health and safety measures mentioned by NSW legislation. The combination of these incidents is causing the breach in WHS legislations with reference to the NSW guidelines. Requirement 2 There are multiple examples of hazards found in the workplace setting. These hazards potentially push the workers or the clients to the face multiple difficulties regarding the occupational health and safety. The high chances of hazard can also occur due to the use of specific equipment by the operators who are not trained properly. On the other hand, the preliminary set of investigation suggests that the statements related to the operations and methods of the work are not notified to the workplace health and safety guidelines developed by the specific authority (Rittichainuwat 2013). It causes serious health related illnesses or injuries to the staffs as well as the guests of the tourism business. The same scenario is observed in the selection of a location for the restored hotel, which is vulnerable to the downgrading impacts of assaults and robberies. The incident was formerly accounted for harming the safety and security of the staffs and guests of the tourism business. One of the significant issues comes from the ineffective knowledge of the HSRs associated with the administration department of the tourism business. Due to the situation, the equipment and facilities are not appropriately reviewed by the HSRs for their operational capabilities. As a result, the life has broken down at least five times in the last month causing the guest to suffer major health problems (Paraskevas and Altinay 2013). Alternatively, the staffs in the housekeeping department are mostly belonging to the non-English speaking backgrounds leading towards the ineffectiveness of communication. These incidents at a whole are responsible for raising the workplace hazards in the identified hotel. Requirement 3 Workplace hazards are commonly referred as the occupational health and safety related factors. Considering the definition of hazard, it is known as the potential source of harm providing different kind of adverse effect on the individuals of the business. In terms of hazards and risks, these two factors are used interchangeably. For an example, the spill of water in the room of a hotel would cause a slipping hazard to a person who is passing through (Hanna Salman Sawalha, Eid Jraisat, and Al-Qudah 2013). If any physical barrier were applied to prevent the access to the particular area, then the possibility of risks from the hazard would be minimised though the hazard would remain. This is known as the risk treatment, which requires essential priority to be provided by the hotel and tourism businesses. In relation to the above understanding, risk refers to the likelihood that a person may be suffered or harmed by the adverse effects of the different degrading conditions of the occupational settings. Therefore, the chances of risks related to occupational health and safety increase when the individual is exposed to the hazards (Beirman, Ritchie, and Campiranon 2014). The incidents related to the breaking down of the lift five times in a month or the potential exposure to the harmful chemical bottles in the newly restored hotel had caused significant health risks to both the staffs and the guests. Therefore, the hotel business should need to develop a suitable control measure to satisfy the requirement of the risk treatment. It will help the development of the tourism business to attract more guests and staffs with their skills in managing occupational risks and health-related factors. Requirement 4 As discussed in the earlier about the need of risk treatment, it is essential for the hotel and tourism business to develop a comprehensive control measure for planning and implementing the proposed set of actions. Due to the application of these actions, the hotel can effectively reduce the potential exposure to the different hazards identified in the workplace (Paraskevas 2013). Before adopting such techniques and functions, the management of the hotel must need to take the initial responsibilities to control the outcomes for addressing the non-compliance with the legislations. In this case, the managerial level of control must need to explain the rationale of the proposed framework to the board for highlighting the key elements of the same framework. The basic aim of the process is ensuring the development of the revised approach contributing the reformation of the project objectives. The newly modified objectives ensure the establishment of a framework for guiding the HSRs when t hey come across the individually identified actions. The management level of controls is required to be developed by including the integrity and professional behaviour for deliberating the way forward to the light of the WHS legislations (Williams and Bal 2015). Here integrity maintained in developing the control measures will effectively contribute to the improvement of professional and business relationships. It will assist the hotel to create a professional workforce for the respective job roles. On the other hand, controlling the professional behaviour will help the hotel to comply with the relevant laws of NSW while avoiding any misconduct causing harms to the health and safety of the overall environment. Requirement 5 Considering the identified risks and hazards within the internal setting of the hotel, there is the requirement of developing the hierarchy of controls. Such process is required to define for ensuring the application of risk controls. As the hotel is newly restored, it is essential to develop a simple control measure for guiding the approaches followed by the different personnel as part of the workplace (Hamid et al. 2013). Therefore, a hierarchy of control measures is often an essential factor when it comes to developing the control measures. (Hierarchy of Control Measures appropriate for the chosen workplace setting; Source: Hsa.ie 2016) Based on the above diagram, different stages associated with the control measures are defined as part of the hierarchy of control. The first stage, i.e. eliminate refers to the elimination of the hazards for reducing the exposure to the risks. However, total elimination of hazards is not always achievable. Substituting means the introducing a replacement for the identified hazards for minimising the possibility of risks. Isolate suggests the isolation of hazardous place in the hotel for ensuring the strict restriction of public access (Orchiston 2013). Subsequently, the engineering control might need to be adopted for redesigning the process ensuring the placement of an appropriate barrier between the individuals and the hazards. In case of the administrative controls, it should be prioritised by the hotel significantly. The controls include undertaking standard operating procedures or safe working practices for providing effective training to the staffs and instructing them about th e information to reduce the potential risks from occupational hazards (Shreve, Davis, and Fordham 2016). Lastly, personal protective equipment or PPE include the utilisation of protective appliances by the staffs to minimise the exposure to the identified hazards. Requirement 6 Failure to comply with the WHS legislations with reference to the NSW legislation causes some serious hazards providing risks to the health and safety of the individuals associated with the workplace. The particular workplace should need to bear the costs of such non-compliance. In case of the hotel restored and located in The Rocks, the business is exposed to multiple risks from different categories of hazards. Due to the scenario, the business will be highly liable for the cost of providing benefits to the various staffs or guests for their work-related injuries or illnesses (Wang and Ritchie 2013). Due to the consequence of hazards, the business will be held responsible for the wellbeing related costs for risks suffered by the employees and guests. On the other hand, the staffs will feel unwilling to participate in their job roles due to the non-compliance with the WHS guidelines. Thus, the particular scenario will give rise to the avoidance arrangements causing the offence conducted by the staffs as part of the workforce. The situation will significantly cause the downturn of the financial as well as the operational condition of the hotel. Lastly, the hierarchy of control measures recommended for the hotel is developed to achieve considerable amount of benefits regarding the perspectives of occupational health and safety (Dahles and Susilowati 2015). Substituting and eliminating the hazards by adopting the engineering and administrative controls will cause the reduction of risks generated from the high exposure to the potential hazards. As a result, more motivated and skilled workforce can be formed while ensuring the standard services provided to the guests. Requirement 7 In case of failure to take the corrective measures for improving the workplace hazards, little problems often become big. Serious injuries or threats could be suffered by staffs and guests of the hotel if the responsible personnel does not bother to report the malfunctioning of a lift or the slip-and-fall hazard in the hotel floors. It will significantly raise the possibility of risks or injuries, which could have been prevented. Although, the severity of the consequences varies according to the failure to report hazards by the staffs of the hotel (Chew and Jahari 2014). The underreporting of hazards may occur from the mindset of the staffs if they feel of not having the authority to report the hazards. Lawsuits are an adverse actuality that the hotel business often needs to face as the major consequence of not complying with the WHS guidelines. The cost associated with defending the particular lawsuit often becomes a burden for the business even if it wins the case (Hamid et al. 201 3). On the other hand, accidents or injuries highly suffer productivity of the business. It is obvious that the injured staffs of the hotel will be unable to attend the work for weeks and resulted in affecting the productivity. References Becken, S. and Hughey, K.F., 2013. Linking tourism into emergency management structures to enhance disaster risk reduction.Tourism Management,36, pp.77-85. Beirman, D., Ritchie, B.W. and Campiranon, K., 2014. The development of a transnational tourism risk, crisis and recovery management network.Tourism crisis and disaster management in the Asia-Pacific,1, p.175. Chew, E.Y.T. and Jahari, S.A., 2014. Destination image as a mediator between perceived risks and revisit intention: A case of post-disaster Japan.Tourism Management,40, pp.382-393. Dahles, H. and Susilowati, T.P., 2015. Business resilience in times of growth and crisis.Annals of Tourism Research,51, pp.34-50. Davies, H. and Walters, M., 2013. Do all crises have to become disasters? Risk and risk mitigation.Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal. Hamid, A.H.A., Rozan, M., Ibrahim, R., Deris, S., Nik Rushdi, H. and Yunus, M.N., 2013. Business process analysis of emergency plan using work system theory.Journal of Information Systems Research and Innovation (JISRI),3, pp.37-43. Hanna Salman Sawalha, I., Eid Jraisat, L. and Al-Qudah, K.A., 2013. Crisis and disaster management in Jordanian hotels: practices and cultural considerations.Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal,22(3), pp.210-228. Orchiston, C., 2013. Tourism business preparedness, resilience and disaster planning in a region of high seismic risk: the case of the Southern Alps, New Zealand.Current Issues in Tourism,16(5), pp.477-494. Paraskevas, A. and Altinay, L., 2013. Signal detection as the first line of defence in tourism crisis management.Tourism Management,34, pp.158-171. Paraskevas, A., 2013. Aligning strategy to threat: a baseline anti-terrorism strategy for hotels.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,25(1), pp.140-162. Paraskevas, A., Altinay, L., McLean, J. and Cooper, C., 2013. Crisis knowledge in tourism: Types, flows and governance.Annals of Tourism Research,41, pp.130-152. Ritchie, B.W., Crotts, J.C., Zehrer, A. and Volsky, G.T., 2013. Understanding the effects of a tourism crisis: the impact of the BP oil spill on regional lodging demand.Journal of Travel Research, p.0047287513482775. Rittichainuwat, B.N., 2013. Tourists' and tourism suppliers' perceptions toward crisis management on tsunami.Tourism Management,34, pp.112-121. Shreve, C., Davis, B. and Fordham, M., 2016. Integrating animal disease epidemics into disaster risk management.Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal,25(4). Wang, J. and Ritchie, B.W., 2013. Attitudes and perceptions of crisis planning among accommodation managers: Results from an Australian study.Safety science,52, pp.81-91. Williams, A.M. and Bal, V., 2015. Tourism Risk and Uncertainty Theoretical Reflections.Journal of Travel Research,54(3), pp.271-287.